Robert J. Carpenter Director since 1994 Lead Independent Director Mr. Carpenter is president of Boston Medical Investors Inc., a privately-held company he formed in 1994 that invests in early-stage health care companies. From January 2002 to August 2007, Mr. Carpenter was chairman of the board of Peptimmune Inc., a privately-held company that develops immunotherapies for treating auto-immune diseases. He also served as president and chairman of Peptimmune from January 2002 until November 2004. From 1991 until it merged with Genzyme in 2000, Mr. Carpenter was chairman of GelTex Pharmaceuticals Inc., which he co-founded in 1991 and where he served as president and CEO until 1993. He also co-founded VacTex Inc., and served as its president and CEO from 1995 until its acquisition by Aquila Biopharmaceuticals Inc. in 1998. Mr. Carpenter was chairman of the board, president, and CEO of Integrated Genetics Inc., a biotechnology company that merged with Genzyme in 1989. Following the merger and until 1991, he was executive vice president, CEO and chairman of the board of IG Laboratories Inc. Mr. Carpenter is chairman of Hydra Biosciences, which develops drugs based on recently discovered ion channels.